Language families, language family groups, subgroups of languages
| Language family | Group | Languages or language subgroups |
| Indo-European (425 languages) |
Indo-Iranian |
Bhil, Dom, Gujarati, Khandesi, Punjabi, Marwari, Romani, Hindi, Urdu, Bundeli, Bengali, Bihari, Maithili, Oriya, Nepali, Garwhali, Kumauni, Kashmiri, Kohistani, Kunar, Shina, Lahnda, Sindhi, Sinhalese, Konkani, Marathi, Sanskrit, Osetin, Pamir languages, Pashto, Baluchi, Kurdish languages, Ormuri-Parachi, Semnani, Talysh, Zaza-Gorani, Fars, Luri, Persian, Tajiki |
| Greek | Attic, Doric | |
| Italic | Latin, Romanian, Italo-Romance languages (Emiliano-Romagnolo, Friulan, Dalmatian, Istriot, Italian, Neapolitan-Calabrese, Sicilian, Venetian), Gallo-Romance languages (Ligurian, Lombard, French, Franco-Provençal, Piemontese, Rheto-Romance languages), Ibero-Romance languages (Aragonese, Asturian, Extremaduran, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Gascon, Languedocien, Galician, Portuguese, Mozarabic), Corsican, Sardinian | |
| Celtic | Breton, Cornish (Cornwall), Welsh, Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, Manx (Isle of Man) | |
| Germanic | Gothic, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic, Bavarian, German, Luxembourghish, Schwytzertütsch, Walser, Yiddish, Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish, Saxon, English, Frisian | |
| Baltic | Latvian, Lithuanian | |
| Slavic | Belorussian, Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Czech, Slovak, Polish | |
| Albanian | Gheg Albanian, Tosk Albanian, Arvanitika, Arberëshë | |
| Armenian | Armenian | |
| Uralic (34 languages) |
Finno-Ugric | Estonian, Finnish, Karelian, Lappic, Hungarian |
| Samoyedic | Samoyedic languages | |
| Basque (a language isolate) |
Basque | |
| Afro-Asiatic (more than 350 languages) |
Semitic (more than 70 languages) |
Languages spoken in Middle East and North Africa: Aramaic, Arabic, Canaanite (Hebrew, Samaritan), Ethiopian languages (Geez, Tigré, Gafat, Amharic, Harari), South Arabian languages |
| Berber | Berber languages (Kabyle, Zenati, Tamasheq, Zenaga) | |
| Cushitic | Languages of Hamitic peoples living in Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea and Sudan: Dullay, Sidamo, Komso, Oromo, Afar, Somali | |
| Egyptian | Coptic (liturgical language of the Coptic Church, late development of the ancient Egyptian) | |
| Omotic | Languages spoken in Ethiopia: Dizi, Gonga, Ometo, Mao | |
| Chadic (almost 200 languages) |
Languages spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad: Biu-Mandara, Masa, Hausa, Bole, Tangale, Angas, Yivom, Fyer, Ron, Bade, Duwai, Boghom, Guruntum, Zaar | |
| Niger-Kordofanian (more than 1400 languages) |
Kordofanian (31 languages) |
Languages of Sudan: Kadugli, Heiban, Katla, Rashad |
| Manding (58 languages) |
Languages of the Sudanese group: spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone | |
| Niger-Congo (more than 1300 languages) |
Languages of Atlantic Congo, languages of Volta-Congo (Mambila-Konja, Bebe, Jarawan, Mamfe, Mbam, Mbe), Bantu languages (almost 500 languages grouped in more than 50 subgroups, including Kikuyu-Kamba, Sukuma-Nyamwezi, Tongwe, Shambala (Tanzania), Swahili (Comoros Islands, Mozambique, Zaïre, Tanzania), Zigula-Zaramo, Zulu (South Africa), Xhosa, Sotho (Lesotho), Pedi (South Africa), Shona (Zimbabwe), Herero (Namibia), Kongo (Angola, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo), Duala (Cameroon), Lingala (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo), Kimbundu, Umbundo), Edo, Idoma, Igbo, Kainji, Nupe, Oko, Dogon, Kru, Kwa, Gur, Kulango, Lobi, Senufo, Teen, Tiefo, Tusia, Viemo, Wara-Natioro | |
| Nilo-Saharan (almost 200 languages) |
Central-Sudanic
languages: Lendu, Mangbetu, Mangbutu-Efe, Moru-Madi, Bongo-Bagirmi Eastern-Sudanic languages: Eastern Jebel, Nara, Nubian, Surmic Eastern-Nilotic languages: Bari, Maasai, Lotuxo, Teso, Turkana Southern-Nilotic languages: Kalenjin, Tatoga Western-Nilotic languages: Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Maban, Burun, Saharan |
|
| Khoisan (35 languages) |
Languages of Southern Africa spoken by Khoekhoen and San groups | |
| Altaic (78 languages) |
Turkic | Eastern
languages: Ainu (China), Chagatay, Uzbek, Yugur Northern languages: Altai, Dolgan, Karagas, Khakas, Shor, Tuvin, Yakut Southern languages: Azerbaijani, Turkish, Turkmenian Western languages: Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tatar |
| Mongolian | Languages spoken in China, Mongolia, Russia: Dagur, Mongour, Buriat, Mongolian, Darkhat, Kalmyk | |
| Tungus | Languages
spoken in Asian Russia, China: Northern Tungus (Evenki, Negidal) Southern Tungus (Nanaj, Orok, Ulch, Udihe, Manchu) |
|
| Korean (a language isolate, considered by some linguists a member of the Altaic family) |
Korean | |
| Japanese (a language isolate, considered by some linguists a member of the Altaic family) |
Japanese, Ryukyuan languages | |
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 5 languages spoken in Asian Russia | |
| Sino-Tibetan (360 languages) |
Chinese |
Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Jinyu, Mandarin, Min Bei, Min Dong, Min Nan, Min Zhong, Pu-Xian, Wu, Xiang, Yue, Dungan |
| Tibeto-Burman (345 languages) |
Kachinic (Myanmar); Bodo, Garo, Konyak, Lushai (India); Chin, Naga (Myanmar, India); Bodic, Tibetan languages, Himalayish languages, Newari (Nepal, Tibet, India); Karen (Myanmar, Thailand); Lolo, Qiang (Southern China) | |
| Daic (68 languages) |
Kadai
languages (China and Viet Nam) Kam-Sui languages (China) Tai languages (China, Viet Nam, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos) |
|
| Austro-Asiatic (180 languages) |
Mon-Khmer
languages (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar) Munda languages (India) |
|
| Austronesian (more than 1200 languages) |
Formosan
languages (Taiwan) Western Malayo-Polinesian (Borneo, Chamorro, Meso Philippine, Northern Philippine, Palauan, Sama-Bajaw, South Mindanao, Southern Philippine, Sulawesi, Sundic, Yapese) Central Eastern Malayo-Polinesian (Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, Central Pacific, Micronesian, New Caledonian, North and Central Vanuatu, South Vanuatu, Southeast Solomonic, Meso Melanesian, North New Guinea) South Halmahera-West New Guinea |
|
| Andamanese | Languages of the Andaman Islands in the gulf of Bengala | |
| Australian (more than 270 languages) |
Pama-Nyungan
languages Non-Pama-Nyungan languages spoken in North Western Australia and the Northern Territory |
|
| Eskimo-Aleut | 11 languages spoken by peoples living on the arctic and subarctic coast of continental America and the extreme strip of North Eastern Siberia: Aleut, Inuit, Yupik | |
| Na-Dene (42 languages) |
Languages spoken by native peoples of Canada and some peoples of South Western United States: Kiowa Apache, Navajo Apache, Mescalero Chiricahua, Beaver Sekani, Chipewyan, Koyukon, Mattole Wailaki, Tolowa Galice, Tahltan Kaska, Tanana, Tutchone, Eyak, Tlingit | |
| Amerindian (more than 600 languages) |
Algic | (Canada,
USA): Cree, Ojibwa, Chippewa, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Wiyot,
Yurok |
| Andean-Equatorial | (Mexico, Central and South America): Alakaluf, Arawak, Aymara, Cofan, Garifuna, Guarani, Jivaro, Ona, Pasto, Quechua, Siriono, Tariana, Tucano languages, Tupi-Guarani languages, Wanano, Yaghan | |
| Caddoan | (USA): Pawnee, Wichita | |
| Chibchan | (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Honduras, Costa Rica): Aruak, Chibcha, Tunebo, Cofan Guaymi, Kuna, Motilon, Paya, Rama, Talamanca | |
| Hokan | (Mexico, USA): Esselen, Yuman, Karok-Shasta, Pomo, Yana, Salinan-Seri, Tequistatlecan, Washo | |
| Iroquoian | (Canada, USA): Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Onondaga, Huron, Tuscarora, Cherokee, Susquehannock | |
| Macro-Ge | (Brazil): Bororo, Botocudo, Chiquito, Fulnio, Ge-Kaingang, Guato, Kamakan, Karaja, Maxacali, Opaye, Puri, Rikbaktsa, Yabuti, Oti | |
| Mayan | (Belize, Guatemala, Mexico): Cholan, Tzeltalan, Huastecan, Chujean, Kanjobalan, Mocho, Ixilan, Mamean, Kekchi, Pocom, Quichean, Sacapulteco, Sipacapeno, Uspantec, Mopan-Itza, Yucatec-Lacandon | |
| Mixe-Zoque | (Mexico): Mixe, Zoque | |
| Muskogean | (USA): Muskogee, Choktaw, Chickasaw | |
| Oto-Manguean | (Mexico): Amuzgoan, Chiapanec-Mangue, Chinantecan, Cuitatec, Mixtec, Trique, Chichimec, Matlatzincan, Mazaua, Otomi, Pame, Chocho, Popolocan, Ixcatecan, Mazatecan, Chatino, Zapotec | |
| Penutian | (USA): Chinookan, Maiduan, Coosan, Siuslawan, Yakonan, Kalapuyan, Takelma, Klamath-Modoc, Sahaptin, Tsimshian, Utian, Yokuts | |
| Salishan | (Canada, USA): Halkomelem, Nooksack, Squamish, Straits, Twana, Tillamook, Tsamosan | |
| Siouan | (USA): Catawaba, Mandan, Chiwere, Dakota, Dhegiha, Winnebago, Crow, Hidatsa, Biloxi, Ofo, Tutelo | |
| Uto-Aztecan | (USA, Mexico): Hopi, Comanche, Panamint, Shoshoni, Ute, Paiute, Nahuatl, Cahita, Corachol, Tarahumaran, Tepiman, Tubar | |
| Wakashan | (Canada): Nootka | |
| Caucasian (almost 40 languages) |
South Caucasian | (Georgia, Turkey): Georgian, Svan, Laz, Mingrelian |
| North Caucasian | (European Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia): Batsi, Chechen-Ingush, Andi, Avar, Dido, Lak-Dargwa, Lezgian, Abkhaz-Abazin, Circassian, Ubix | |
| Dravidian (78 languages) |
Very ancient language family once widespread in India (Indus civilisation, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa), limited today to the southern region of the Indian peninsula: Kolami-Naiki, Parji-Gadaba, Gondi, Konda, Manda-Kui, Telugu, Kannada, Kodagu, Malayalam, Tamil, Toda-Kota, Tulu | |
| Burushaki (a language isolate) |
Language spoken in the Hunza valley, in Pakistan. It seems to have no relations with any other known language. |
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